Golestan, Iran: A Hidden Gem with Rich History, Lush Forests, and Cultural Heritage Awaiting Exploration

Published on December 8, 2025

Golestan, a province in northeastern Iran, has quietly emerged as a fascinating destination for both domestic and international travellers. While many people have yet to visit this province, it offers a unique blend of natural beauty, ancient history, and living culture, making it a must-see for anyone looking to experience a side of Iran that is rarely seen.

From ancient monuments to lush forests and vibrant local traditions, Golestan is a province where history, culture, and nature coexist peacefully. It’s a place where visitors can experience Iran outside of the well-known tourist destinations, with a richness that many are only now discovering.

Historical Significance: Ancient Towers and Defensive Walls

Golestan’s historical significance is undeniable, with ancient structures that have withstood the test of time. One of the most iconic landmarks in the province is the Gonbad-e Qabus tower. Standing at 53 metres, this UNESCO-listed tower is a remarkable example of early Islamic architecture. Built in the 11th century, the tower is made of fired brick and has a distinct conical roof, making it a striking sight against the surrounding landscape. As the tallest brick tower in the world, Gonbad-e Qabus is a symbol of Iran’s architectural heritage and an essential stop for those interested in the country’s ancient history.

Another historically significant structure in Golestan is the Great Wall of Gorgan, also known as the “Red Snake”. Stretching for more than 200 kilometres, the wall was built during the Sasanian era to protect the northern borders of the empire. This ancient fortification, built with fired bricks and fortified with watchtowers, is one of the longest defensive walls in the world, second only to the Great Wall of China. Today, the remnants of this wall can still be explored, offering a glimpse into the strategic importance of the region during ancient times.

In addition to these grand structures, Golestan is home to a number of lesser-known castles and fortresses, such as Sar Tapeh Castle and Qaleh Kharabeh. These ancient fortresses, scattered across the province, further enrich Golestan’s historical landscape, each telling its own story of the region’s past.

A Rich Natural Landscape: From Forests to Wetlands

Golestan’s natural beauty is another of its major draws. The province is home to Golestan National Park, Iran’s oldest national park, which spans more than 900 square kilometres. The park’s diverse ecosystems include temperate broadleaf and mixed forests, grasslands, wetlands, and rugged mountains. These varied landscapes make Golestan a paradise for nature lovers and those seeking adventure in the great outdoors.

The park lies within the broader network of the Hyrcanian Forests, a UNESCO World Heritage site that stretches along the Caspian Sea coast. These ancient forests, which date back tens of millions of years, are home to a wide array of plant and animal species. Golestan National Park, in particular, is a haven for wildlife, with species such as the Persian leopard, brown bear, wild goats, and numerous bird species inhabiting the area. For wildlife enthusiasts, birdwatchers, and photographers, this region offers an unparalleled opportunity to observe Iran’s rich biodiversity in its natural habitat.

In addition to the national park, Golestan features several wetlands, including Alma Gol Lake, a Ramsar-listed site that is crucial for migratory birds. These wetlands provide important ecosystems for waterfowl and are ideal spots for birdwatching and nature photography. The area’s varied landscapes, from dense forests to serene lakes, make Golestan a must-visit destination for those looking to connect with nature.

Cultural Heritage: The Living Traditions of the Turkmen

Golestan is also a cultural treasure trove, particularly due to its large population of Turkmen people. The Turkmen, an ethnic group from Central Asia, have maintained their traditional way of life for centuries. Visitors to Golestan can immerse themselves in the region’s vibrant Turkmen culture, where traditional practices such as carpet weaving, horse breeding, and nomadic pastoralism continue to thrive.

The Turkmen people are known for their colourful clothing, especially the women’s intricate dresses, and their expertise in making handwoven carpets. These carpets, often adorned with bright red and intricate geometric patterns, are highly prized not only in Iran but also internationally. For visitors, exploring the local bazaars and markets in cities like Gonbad-e Kavus offers a chance to purchase these beautifully crafted carpets and other handicrafts while learning more about the traditions that have shaped this community.

The Turkmen people are also renowned for their horse breeding, and their horses, known for their speed and agility, are celebrated throughout Iran. Visitors can witness traditional horse racing events, which are held regularly in the region, offering a unique glimpse into the cultural heritage of the Turkmen.

Adventure and Eco-Tourism: A Thriving Destination for Nature Lovers

Golestan’s diverse landscapes make it an ideal destination for eco-tourism and adventure seekers. The region offers a variety of outdoor activities, including hiking, wildlife watching, birding, and photography. The dense forests of Golestan National Park provide excellent trekking opportunities, where visitors can explore the region’s natural beauty while observing the local flora and fauna.

For those interested in more leisurely activities, the wetlands and lakes of the province are perfect for birdwatching and nature walks. Alma Gol Lake, with its calm waters and surrounding lush greenery, is particularly popular for its tranquil atmosphere and the opportunity to see a variety of bird species. The region’s varied terrain, from mountains to plains to wetlands, ensures that there is something for everyone, from casual nature enthusiasts to seasoned adventure travellers.

As Golestan continues to grow in popularity, the province is making efforts to promote sustainable tourism that balances environmental conservation with the growing number of visitors. With its rich natural and cultural heritage, Golestan is positioning itself as a prime destination for responsible tourism.

Why Visit Golestan?

Golestan Province provides a unique opportunity to experience Iran in its most authentic form. From the majestic Gonbad-e Qabus tower to the vast expanses of Golestan National Park, from the vibrant Turkmen culture to the tranquil wetlands and lakes, the province offers a one-of-a-kind blend of history, nature, and culture that cannot be found in more touristy areas of Iran.

Golestan is ideal for travellers looking for an off-the-beaten-path experience. Whether you’re a history buff, a nature lover, or want to immerse yourself in a living culture, Golestan has something for you. Its diverse landscapes, rich heritage, and warm hospitality make it an ideal destination for anyone looking to discover Iran outside of the usual tourist hotspots.

Golestan’s serene environment, historical significance, and cultural vibrancy make it a must-visit destination. As more people discover the province’s charm, Golestan is likely to become a popular destination while maintaining its distinct, untouched character.